Why Did the Woolly Mammoth Go Extinct?
It's easy to get lost in the discussion of dinosaurs and theories about why they went extinct 65 million years ago. Was it due to a meteor slamming into Earth near the coast of modern-day Mexico, or was it from some long-term weather cycle that is not yet understood? One hypothesis that will never be proposed is that humans had something to do with it. Mammals were small, insignificant creatures of the forest 65 million years ago, and no humans existed.
Woolly mammoths, however, began to go extinct about 10,000 years ago, when they shared the Earth with humans who were no different anatomically than humans today (Figure 36.13). Mammoths survived in isolated island populations as recently as 1700 BC. We know a lot about these animals from carcasses found frozen in the ice of Siberia and other regions of the north. Scientists have sequenced at least 50 percent of its genome and believe mammoths are between 98 and 99 percent identical to modern elephants.
It is commonly thought that climate change and human hunting led to their extinction. A 2008 study estimated that climate change reduced the mammoth’s range from 3,000,000 square miles 42,000 years ago to 310,000 square miles 6,000 years ago. It is also well documented that humans hunted these animals. A 2012 study showed that no single factor was exclusively responsible for the extinction of these magnificent creatures. In addition to human hunting, climate change, and reduction of habitat, these scientists demonstrated another important factor in the mammoth’s extinction was the migration of humans across the Bering Strait to North America during the last ice age 20,000 years ago.
The maintenance of stable populations was and is very complex, with many interacting factors determining the outcome. It is important to remember that humans are also part of nature. Once we contributed to a species’ decline using primitive hunting technology only.
Explain the factors that may have contributed to the extinction of the woolly mammoth, and caused it to occur over a long period of time.
- Deforestation affected the ability of the woolly mammoth to find adequate habitat and food, and humans contributed to declines in their population by hunting them.
- Climate change affected the ability of the woolly mammoth to find adequate habitat and food, and humans contributed to the decline in their population by hunting them.
- Climate change affected the ability of the woolly mammoth to find adequate food even though they had plenty of habitat, and humans contributed to declines in their population by hunting them.
- Climate change affected the ability of the woolly mammoth to find adequate habitat and food, and a plague affected Earth during that time causing their extinction.