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The beginning reading and writing sub-strand is a key part of developing and sustaining

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foundational language skills. This sub-strand appears only in kindergarten through grade 5 and

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focuses on the skills students need to become proficient readers, spellers, and writers. As with other strands, the student

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expectations are progressive in nature,

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meaning that students build their knowledge and skills as they proceed from one grade to the next. In the beginning reading and writing strand,

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students learn the relationship between letters and sounds and between print and spoken words.

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Younger students develop phonological awareness—the ability to recognize and work with sounds in spoken language.

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They learn to identify and produce rhyming words;

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identify and blend syllables; and blend to manipulate phonemes, or units of sound.

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Students also learn decoding and encoding skills.

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Decoding, or making meaning from written symbols, is what students do when they read.

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Encoding, or using symbols to create messages, is what students do when they spell.

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The TEKS stress the reciprocal relationship between

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decoding and encoding.

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Students strengthen their decoding skills as they practice encoding. In

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this sub-strand, students explore the relationship between print and

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spoken words when they apply phonetic knowledge to decode and spell words.

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Students first learn to match sounds to letters and create new words by changing, adding, or deleting letters.

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They gradually decode and spell increasingly more complex words, such as words with digraphs and silent letters as well as

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compound words,

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contractions, and multisyllabic words that include the six syllable types.

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Students also alphabetize words and read words from research-based high-frequency word lists.

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Finally, in this sub-strand, younger students develop print awareness by identifying upper- and lowercase letters,

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understanding the structure of words and sentences, and learning the parts of books and how to read and hold books.

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Students also develop handwriting skills and write in cursive.

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Explore the TEKS Guide resources below to learn more about the different skills in the beginning reading and writing sub-strand.