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Appendices
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Resource ID: Wideb0YW@5
Grade Range: PreK - 12

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C | Useful Information

This appendix is broken into several tables.

Symbol Meaning Best Value Approximate Value
cc size 12{c} {} Speed of light in vacuum 2.99792458×108m/s2.99792458×108m/s size 12{2 "." "99792458" times "10" rSup { size 8{8} } ` {m} slash {s} } {} 3.00×108m/s3.00×108m/s size 12{3 "." "00" times "10" rSup { size 8{8} } ` {m} slash {s} } {}
GG size 12{G} {} Gravitational constant 6.67408(31)×10−11N⋅m2/kg26.67408(31)×10−11N⋅m2/kg2 size 12{6 "." "67384" \( "80" \) times "10" rSup { size 8{ - "11"} } ` {N cdot m rSup { size 8{2} } } slash {"kg" rSup { size 8{2} } } } {} 6.67×10−11N⋅m2/kg26.67×10−11N⋅m2/kg2 size 12{6 "." "67" times "10" rSup { size 8{ - "11"} } ` {N cdot m rSup { size 8{2} } } slash {"kg" rSup { size 8{2} } } } {}
NANA size 12{N rSub { size 8{A} } } {} Avogadro’s number 6.02214129(27)×10236.02214129(27)×1023 size 12{6 "." "02214129" \( "27" \) times "10" rSup { size 8{"23"} } } {} 6.02×10236.02×1023 size 12{6 "." "02" times "10" rSup { size 8{"23"} } } {}
kk size 12{k} {} Boltzmann’s constant 1.3806488(13)×10−23J/K1.3806488(13)×10−23J/K size 12{1 "." "3806488" \( "13" \) times "10" rSup { size 8{ - "23"} } ` {J} slash {K} } {} 1.38×10−23J/K1.38×10−23J/K size 12{1 "." "38" times "10" rSup { size 8{ - "23"} } ` {J} slash {K} } {}
RR size 12{R} {} Gas constant 8.3144621(75)J/mol⋅K8.3144621(75)J/mol⋅K size 12{8 "." "3144621" \( "75" \) ` {J} slash {"mol" cdot K} } {} 8.31J/mol⋅K=1.99cal/mol⋅K=0.0821atm⋅L/mol⋅K8.31J/mol⋅K=1.99cal/mol⋅K=0.0821atm⋅L/mol⋅K size 12{8 "." "31"` {J} slash {"mol" cdot K=1 "." "99"` {"cal"} slash {"mol" cdot K=0 "." "0821"` {"atm" cdot L} slash {"mol" cdot K} } } } {}
σσ size 12{σ} {} Stefan-Boltzmann constant 5.670373(21)×10−8W/m2⋅K5.670373(21)×10−8W/m2⋅K size 12{5 "." "670373" \( "21" \) times "10" rSup { size 8{ - 8} } ` {W} slash {m rSup { size 8{2} } cdot K} } {} 5.67×10−8W/m2⋅K5.67×10−8W/m2⋅K size 12{5 "." "67" times "10" rSup { size 8{ - 8} } ` {W} slash {m rSup { size 8{2} } cdot K} } {}
kk size 12{k} {} Coulomb force constant 8.987551788...×109N⋅m2/C28.987551788...×109N⋅m2/C2 size 12{8 "." "987551788" "." "." "." `` times "10" rSup { size 8{9} } ` {N cdot m rSup { size 8{2} } } slash {C rSup { size 8{2} } } } {} 8.99×109N⋅m2/C28.99×109N⋅m2/C2 size 12{9 times "10" rSup { size 8{9} } ` {N cdot m rSup { size 8{2} } } slash {C rSup { size 8{2} } } } {}
qeqe size 12{q rSub { size 8{e} } } {} Charge on electron −1.602176565(35)×10−19C−1.602176565(35)×10−19C size 12{ - 1 "." "602176565" \( "35" \) times "10" rSup { size 8{ - "19"} } `C} {} −1.60×10−19C−1.60×10−19C size 12{ - 1 "." "60" times "10" rSup { size 8{ - "19"} } `C} {}
ε0ε0 size 12{ε rSub { size 8{0} } } {} Permittivity of free space 8.854187817...×10−12C2/N⋅m28.854187817...×10−12C2/N⋅m2 size 12{8 "." "854187817" "." "." "." `` times "10" rSup { size 8{ - "12"} } ` {C rSup { size 8{2} } } slash {N cdot m rSup { size 8{2} } } } {} 8.85×10−12C2/N⋅m28.85×10−12C2/N⋅m2 size 12{8 "." "85" times "10" rSup { size 8{ - "12"} } ` {C rSup { size 8{2} } } slash {N cdot m rSup { size 8{2} } } } {}
μ0μ0 size 12{μ rSub { size 8{0} } } {} Permeability of free space 4π×10−7T⋅m/A4π×10−7T⋅m/A size 12{4π times "10" rSup { size 8{ - 7} } ` {T cdot m} slash {A} } {} 1.26×10−6T⋅m/A1.26×10−6T⋅m/A size 12{1 "." "26" times "10" rSup { size 8{ - 6} } ` {T cdot m} slash {A} } {}
hh size 12{h} {} Planck’s constant 6.62606957(29)×10−34J⋅s6.62606957(29)×10−34J⋅s size 12{6 "." "62606957" \( "29" \) times "10" rSup { size 8{ - "34"} } `J cdot s} {} 6.63×10−34J⋅s6.63×10−34J⋅s size 12{6 "." "63" times "10" rSup { size 8{ - "34"} } `J cdot s} {}
Table C1

Important Constants1

Symbol Meaning Best Value Approximate Value
meme size 12{m rSub { size 8{e} } } {} Electron mass 9.10938291(40)×10−31kg9.10938291(40)×10−31kg size 12{9 "." "10938291" \( "40" \) times "10" rSup { size 8{ - "31"} } `"kg"} {} 9.11×10−31kg9.11×10−31kg size 12{9 "." "11" times "10" rSup { size 8{ - "31"} } `"kg"} {}
mpmp size 12{m rSub { size 8{p} } } {} Proton mass 1.672621777(74)×10−27kg1.672621777(74)×10−27kg size 12{1 "." "672621777" \( "74" \) times "10" rSup { size 8{ - "27"} } `"kg"} {} 1.6726×10−27kg1.6726×10−27kg size 12{1 "." "6726" times "10" rSup { size 8{ - "27"} } `"kg"} {}
mnmn size 12{m rSub { size 8{n} } } {} Neutron mass 1.674927351(74)×10−27kg1.674927351(74)×10−27kg size 12{1 "." "674927351" \( "74" \) times "10" rSup { size 8{ - "27"} } `"kg"} {} 1.6749×10−27kg1.6749×10−27kg size 12{1 "." "6749" times "10" rSup { size 8{ - "27"} } `"kg"} {}
uu size 12{u} {} Atomic mass unit 1.660538921(73)×10−27kg1.660538921(73)×10−27kg size 12{1 "." "660538921" \( "73" \) times "10" rSup { size 8{ - "27"} } `"kg"} {} 1.6605×10−27kg1.6605×10−27kg size 12{1 "." "6605" times "10" rSup { size 8{ - "27"} } `"kg"} {}
Table C2

Submicroscopic Masses2

Sun mass 1.99×1030kg1.99×1030kg size 12{1 "." "99" times "10" rSup { size 8{"30"} } `"kg"} {}
average radius 6.96×108m6.96×108m size 12{6 "." "96" times "10" rSup { size 8{8} } `m} {}
Earth-sun distance (average) 1.496×1011 m1.496×1011 m size 12{1 "." "496" times "10" rSup { size 8{"11"} } " m"} {}
Earth mass 5.9736×1024kg5.9736×1024kg size 12{5 "." "9736" times "10" rSup { size 8{"24"} } `"kg"} {}
average radius 6.376×106m6.376×106m size 12{6 "." "376" times "10" rSup { size 8{6} } `m} {}{}
orbital period 3.16×107 s 3.16×107 s size 12{3 "." "16" times "10" rSup { size 8{7} } " s "} {}
Moon mass 7.35×1022kg7.35×1022kg size 12{7 "." "35" times "10" rSup { size 8{"22"} } `"kg"} {}
average radius 1.74×106m1.74×106m size 12{1 "." "74" times "10" rSup { size 8{6} } `m} {}
orbital period (average) 2.36×106 s2.36×106 s size 12{2 "." "36" times "10" rSup { size 8{6} } " s"} {}
Earth-moon distance (average) 3.84×108 m3.84×108 m size 12{3 "." "84" times "10" rSup { size 8{8} } " m"} {}
Table C3

Solar System Data

Prefix Symbol Value Prefix Symbol Value
tera T 10121012 size 12{"10" rSup { size 8{"12"} } } {} deci d 10−110−1 size 12{"10" rSup { size 8{ - 1} } } {}
giga G 109109 size 12{"10" rSup { size 8{9} } } {} centi c 10−210−2 size 12{"10" rSup { size 8{ - 2} } } {}
mega M 106106 size 12{"10" rSup { size 8{6} } } {} milli m 10−310−3 size 12{"10" rSup { size 8{ - 3} } } {}
kilo k 103103 size 12{"10" rSup { size 8{3} } } {} micro μμ size 12{μ} {} 10−610−6 size 12{"10" rSup { size 8{ - 6} } } {}
hecto h 102102 size 12{"10" rSup { size 8{2} } } {} nano n 10−910−9 size 12{"10" rSup { size 8{ - 9} } } {}
deka da 101101 size 12{"10" rSup { size 8{1} } } {} pico p 10−1210−12 size 12{"10" rSup { size 8{ - "12"} } } {}
— — 100(=1)100(=1) size 12{"10" rSup { size 8{0} } \( `=1` \) } {} femto f 10−1510−15 size 12{"10" rSup { size 8{ - "15"} } } {}
Table C4

Metric Prefixes for Powers of Ten and Their Symbols

Alpha ΑΑ size 12{Α} {} αα size 12{α} {} Eta ΗΗ size 12{Η} {} ηη size 12{η} {} Nu ΝΝ size 12{Ν} {} νν size 12{ν} {} Tau ΤΤ size 12{Τ} {} ττ size 12{τ} {}
Beta ΒΒ size 12{Β} {} ββ size 12{β} {} Theta ΘΘ size 12{Θ} {} θθ size 12{θ} {} Xi ΞΞ size 12{Ξ} {} ξξ size 12{ξ} {} Upsilon ΥΥ size 12{Υ} {} υυ size 12{υ} {}
Gamma ΓΓ size 12{Γ} {} γγ size 12{γ} {} Iota ΙΙ size 12{Ι} {} ιι size 12{ι} {} Omicron ΟΟ size 12{Ο} {} οο size 12{ο} {} Phi ΦΦ size 12{Φ} {} ϕϕ size 12{ϕ} {}
Delta ΔΔ size 12{Δ} {} δδ size 12{δ} {} Kappa ΚΚ size 12{Κ} {} κκ size 12{κ} {} Pi ΠΠ size 12{Π} {} ππ size 12{π} {} Chi ΧΧ size 12{Χ} {} χχ size 12{χ} {}
Epsilon ΕΕ size 12{Ε} {} εε size 12{ε} {} Lambda ΛΛ size 12{Λ} {} λλ size 12{λ} {} Rho ΡΡ size 12{Ρ} {} ρρ size 12{ρ} {} Psi ΨΨ size 12{Ψ} {} ψψ size 12{ψ} {}
Zeta ΖΖ size 12{Ζ} {} ζζ size 12{ζ} {} Mu ΜΜ size 12{Μ} {} μμ size 12{μ} {} Sigma ΣΣ size 12{Σ} {} σσ size 12{σ} {} Omega ΩΩ size 12{ %OMEGA } {} ωω size 12{ω} {}
Table C5

The Greek Alphabet

Entity Abbreviation Name
Fundamental units Length m meter
Mass kg kilogram
Time s second
Current A ampere
Supplementary unit Angle rad radian
Derived units Force N=kg⋅m/s2N=kg⋅m/s2 size 12{N="kg" cdot {m} slash {s rSup { size 8{2} } } } {} newton
Energy J=kg⋅m2/s2J=kg⋅m2/s2 size 12{J="kg" cdot {m rSup { size 8{2} } } slash {s rSup { size 8{2} } } } {} joule
Power W=J/sW=J/s size 12{W= {J} slash {s} } {} watt
Pressure Pa=N/m2Pa=N/m2 size 12{"Pa"= {N} slash {m rSup { size 8{2} } } } {} pascal
Frequency Hz=1/sHz=1/s size 12{"Hz"= {1} slash {s} } {} hertz
Electronic potential V=J/CV=J/C size 12{V= {J} slash {C} } {} volt
Capacitance F=C/VF=C/V size 12{F= {C} slash {V} } {} farad
Charge C=s⋅AC=s⋅A size 12{C=s cdot A} {} coulomb
Resistance Ω=V/AΩ=V/A size 12{ %OMEGA = {V} slash {A} } {} ohm
Magnetic field T=N/A⋅mT=N/A⋅m size 12{T= {N} slash { left (A cdot m right )} } {} tesla
Nuclear decay rate Bq=1/sBq=1/s size 12{"Bq"= {1} slash {s} } {} becquerel
Table C6

SI Units

Length 1inch (in.)=2.54 cm (exactly)1inch (in.)=2.54 cm (exactly) size 12{1" inch " \( "in" "." \) =2 "." "54"" cm " \( "exactly" \) } {}
1 foot (ft)=0.3048 m1 foot (ft)=0.3048 m size 12{1" foot " \( "ft" \) =0 "." "3048"" m"} {}
1 mile (mi)=1.609km1 mile (mi)=1.609km size 12{1" mile " \( "mi" \) =1 "." "609"" km"} {}
Force 1 pound (lb)=4.448 N1 pound (lb)=4.448 N size 12{1" pound " \( "lb" \) =4 "." "448"" N"} {}
Energy 1 British thermal unit (Btu)=1.055×103 J1 British thermal unit (Btu)=1.055×103 J size 12{1" British thermal unit " \( "Btu" \) =1 "." "055" times "10" rSup { size 8{3} } " J"} {}
Power 1 horsepower (hp)=746 W1 horsepower (hp)=746 W size 12{1" horsepower " \( "hp" \) ="746"" W"} {}
Pressure 1lb/in2=6.895×103 Pa1lb/in2=6.895×103 Pa size 12{1 {"lb"} slash {"in" rSup { size 8{2} } } =6 "." "895" times "10" rSup { size 8{3} } " Pa"} {}
Table C7

Selected British Units

Length 1 light year(ly)=9.46×1015 m1 light year(ly)=9.46×1015 m size 12{1`" light"`" year"` \( "ly" \) ` =9 "." "46" times "10" rSup { size 8{"15"} } " m"} {}
1 astronomical unit(au)=1.50×1011 m1 astronomical unit(au)=1.50×1011 m size 12{1`" astronomical"`" unit"` \( "au" \) ` =1 "." "50" times "10" rSup { size 8{"11"} } " m"} {}
1 nautical mile=1.852 km1 nautical mile=1.852 km size 12{1`" nautical"`" mile"` =1 "." "852"`" km"} {}
1 angstrom(Å)=10−10 m1 angstrom(Å)=10−10 m size 12{1`" angstrom"` \( Å \) ` ="10" rSup { size 8{ - "10"} } " m"} {}
Area 1 acre(ac)=4.05×103 m21 acre(ac)=4.05×103 m2 size 12{1`" acre"` \( "ac" \) ` =4 "." "05" times "10" rSup { size 8{3} } " m" rSup { size 8{2} } } {}
1square foot(ft2)=9.29×10−2 m21square foot(ft2)=9.29×10−2 m2 size 12{1`"square"`"foot"` \( "ft" rSup { size 8{2} } \) ` =9 "." "29" times "10" rSup { size 8{ - 2} } " m" rSup { size 8{2} } } {}
1 barn(b)=10−28 m21 barn(b)=10−28 m2 size 12{1`" barn"` \( b \) ` ="10" rSup { size 8{ - "28"} } " m" rSup { size 8{2} } } {}
Volume 1 liter(L)=10−3 m31 liter(L)=10−3 m3 size 12{1`" liter"` \( L \) ` ="10" rSup { size 8{ - 3} } " m" rSup { size 8{3} } } {}
1 U.S. gallon(gal)=3.785×10−3 m31 U.S. gallon(gal)=3.785×10−3 m3 size 12{1`" U" "." S "." `" gallon"` \( "gal" \) ` =3 "." "785" times "10" rSup { size 8{ - 3} } " m" rSup { size 8{3} } } {}
Mass 1 solar mass=1.99×1030 kg1 solar mass=1.99×1030 kg size 12{1`" solar"`" mass"` =1 "." "99" times "10" rSup { size 8{"30"} } " kg"} {}
1 metric ton=103 kg1 metric ton=103 kg size 12{1`" metric"`" ton"` ="10" rSup { size 8{3} } " kg"} {}
1 atomic mass unit(u)=1.6605×10−27 kg1 atomic mass unit(u)=1.6605×10−27 kg size 12{1`" atomic"`" mass"`" unit"`` \( u \) ` =1 "." "6605" times "10" rSup { size 8{ - "27"} } " kg"} {}
Time 1 year(y)=3.16×107 s1 year(y)=3.16×107 s size 12{1`" year"` \( y \) ` =3 "." "16" times "10" rSup { size 8{7} } " s"} {}
1 day(d)=86,400 s1 day(d)=86,400 s size 12{1`" day"` \( d \) ` ="86","400"`" s"} {}
Speed 1 mile per hour(mph)=1.609km/h1 mile per hour(mph)=1.609km/h size 12{1`" mile"`"per"`"hour"` \( "mph" \) `=1 "." "609"` {"km"} slash {h} } {}
1 nautical mile per hour(naut)=1.852km/h1 nautical mile per hour(naut)=1.852km/h size 12{1`" nautical"`"mile"`"per"`"hour"` \( "naut" \) `=1 "." "852"` {"km"} slash {h} } {}
Angle 1 degree(°)=1.745×10−2 rad1 degree(°)=1.745×10−2 rad size 12{1`" degree"` \( ° \) ` =1 "." "745" times "10" rSup { size 8{ - 2} } " rad"} {}
1 minute of arc(')=1/60 degree1 minute of arc(')=1/60 degree size 12{1`" minute"`"of"`"arc"` { { \( }} sup { ' } \) `= {1} slash {"60"} `" degree"} {}
1 second of arc('')=1/60 minute of arc1 second of arc('')=1/60 minute of arc size 12{1`" second"`"of"`"arc"` { { \( }} sup { '' } \) `= {1} slash {"60"`} " minute of arc"} {}
1 grad=1.571×10−2 rad1 grad=1.571×10−2 rad size 12{1`" grad"` =1 "." "571" times "10" rSup { size 8{ - 2} } " rad"} {}
Energy 1 kiloton TNT(kT)=4.2×1012 J1 kiloton TNT(kT)=4.2×1012 J size 12{1`" kiloton"`" TNT"` \( "kT" \) ` =4 "." 2 times "10" rSup { size 8{"12"} } " J"} {}
1 kilowatt hour(kW⋅h)=3.60×106 J1 kilowatt hour(kW⋅h)=3.60×106 J size 12{1`" kilowatt"`" hour"` \( "kW" cdot h \) ` =3 "." "60" times "10" rSup { size 8{6} } " J"} {}
1 food calorie(kcal)=4186 J1 food calorie(kcal)=4186 J size 12{1`" food"`"calorie"` \( "kcal" \) `="4186"`" J"} {}
1 calorie(cal)=4.186 J1 calorie(cal)=4.186 J size 12{1`" calorie"` \( "cal" \) `=4 "." "186"`" J"} {}
1 electron volt(eV)=1.60×10−19 J1 electron volt(eV)=1.60×10−19 J size 12{1`" electron"`" volt"` \( "eV" \) ` =1 "." "60" times "10" rSup { size 8{ - "19"} } " J"} {}
Pressure 1 atmosphere(atm)=1.013×105 Pa1 atmosphere(atm)=1.013×105 Pa size 12{1`" atmosphere"` \( "atm" \) ` =1 "." "013" times "10" rSup { size 8{5} } " Pa"} {}
1 millimeter of mercury(mmHg)=133.3 Pa1 millimeter of mercury(mmHg)=133.3 Pa size 12{1`" millimeter"`"of"`"mercury"` \( "mm"`"Hg" \) `="133" "." 3`" Pa"} {}
1 torricelli(torr)=1mmHg =133.3 Pa1 torricelli(torr)=1mmHg =133.3 Pa size 12{1`" torricelli"` \( "torr" \) `=1`" mm"``"Hg "="133" "." 3`" Pa"} {}
Nuclear decay rate 1 curie(Ci)=3.70×1010 Bq1 curie(Ci)=3.70×1010 Bq size 12{1`" curie"` \( "Ci" \) ` =3 "." "70" times "10" rSup { size 8{"10"} } " Bq"} {}
Table C8

Other Units

Circumference of a circle with radius rr size 12{r} {} or diameter dd size 12{d} {} C=2πr=πdC=2πr=πd size 12{C=2πr=πd} {}
Area of a circle with radius rr size 12{r} {} or diameter dd size 12{d} {} A=πr2=πd2/4A=πr2=πd2/4 size 12{A=πr rSup { size 8{2} } = {πd rSup { size 8{2} } } slash {4} } {}
Area of a sphere with radius rr size 12{r} {} A=4πr2A=4πr2 size 12{A=4πr rSup { size 8{2} } } {}
Volume of a sphere with radius rr size 12{r} {} V=4/3πr3V=4/3πr3 size 12{V= left ( {4} slash {3} right ) left (πr rSup { size 8{3} } right )} {}
Table C9

Useful Formulae

Footnotes

  • 1 Stated values are according to the National Institute of Standards and Technology Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, www.physics.nist.gov/cuu (accessed May 18, 2012). Values in parentheses are the uncertainties in the last digits. Numbers without uncertainties are exact as defined.
  • 2 Stated values are according to the National Institute of Standards and Technology Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, www.physics.nist.gov/cuu (accessed May 18, 2012). Values in parentheses are the uncertainties in the last digits. Numbers without uncertainties are exact as defined.

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