Which of the following is NOT a primary reason for the decline in union membership in the United States over the past 40 years?

1. The rise of the service sector and decline in manufacturing
2. Increased competition from foreign countries
3. The increased use of workers’ councils as a means of dispute resolution
4. A hostile legal environment that has made it difficult at times to unionize
5. More codes and laws that protect workers from employer power

One of the goals of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was to eliminate which labor market phenomenon?

1. Efficiency wages
2. Discrimination in hiring and pay
3. A low minimum wage
4. The hiring of immigrant workers
5. Tax breaks for the wealthy

Which of the following is primarily considered an economic cost of increased immigration?

1. Increased demand for goods and services
2. Increased number of skilled workers
3. Tax revenue from more workers
4. Increased demand for public services such as schools and welfare
5. Expanded knowledge and technologies