Test Prep for AP® Courses

41.

According to the data, the crickets at 25 C have greater oxygen consumption per gram of tissue than do the crickets at 10 C . This trend in oxygen consumption is the opposite of that in mice.

This table shows the average respiration rate, in milliliters of oxygen per gram body mass per minute, for two organisms: mouse and cricket. The average respiration rate in the mouse is 0.0518 at 10 degrees Celsius and 0.0321 at 25 degrees Celsius. The average respiration rate in the cricket is 0. 0013 at 10 degrees Celsius and 0.0038 at 25 degrees Celsius.

The difference in trends in oxygen consumption among crickets and mice is due to what?

  1. their difference in size
  2. their mode of nutrition
  3. their difference in metabolic heat production
  4. their mode of ATP production
42.
Where in a cell does glycolysis take place in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
  1. the cytosol
  2. the mitochondria
  3. the plasma membrane
  4. the nucleus
43.
A new species of obligate anaerobe, a bacterium, has been found that lives in hot, acidic conditions. While other pathways may also be present, which metabolic pathway is the most likely to be present in this species?
  1. aerobic respiration
  2. the citric acid cycle
  3. oxidative phosphorylation
  4. glycolysis
44.
What evidence provides the strongest support that glycolysis is an older and more conserved pathway than the citric acid cycle?
  1. Glycolysis is the primitive pathway as it is found in all three domains. It also occurs in anaerobic conditions and in the cytosol.
  2. This pathway occurs in the cytosol, is found in all animals and plants, and does not require oxygen.
  3. Glycolysis takes place in anaerobic conditions, can metabolize cholesterol and fatty acids, and occurs even in methanogens.
  4. This pathway only occurs in the mitochondria. It is highly flexible because it is found in almost all organisms.
45.

What is Structure X in the graphic?

The figure shows a portion of a cell membrane, which is labeled Structure X. Four protein complexes, labeled I, II, III, and IV, are embedded in the membrane. A structure labeled Structure Z rests on one surface of the membrane. On the other side of the membrane, protein complex I converts N A D H into N A D plus and a hydrogen ion, and releases an electron in the process. Complex II converts F A D H 2 into F A D, and releases an electron in the process. The two electrons are shuttled to a molecule labeled Q. The electrons are then shuttled sequentially to complex III, structure Z, and complex IV. Complex IV uses the 2 electrons to covert 2 hydrogen ions plus half an oxygen atom into water. As this process takes place, protein 1, protein 3, and protein 4 each pump a proton across the membrane.

  1. the inner mitochondrial membrane
  2. the mitochondrial matrix
  3. a eukaryotic plasma membrane
  4. the cytosol
46.

What would be the most direct result of blocking Structure Z in the graphic?

The figure shows a portion of a cell membrane, which is labeled Structure X. Four protein complexes, labeled I, II, III, and IV, are embedded in the membrane. A structure labeled Structure Z rests on one surface of the membrane. On the other side of the membrane, protein complex I converts N A D H into N A D plus and a hydrogen ion, and releases an electron in the process. Complex II converts F A D H 2 into F A D, and releases an electron in the process. The two electrons are shuttled to a molecule labele
Figure 7.23
  1. Cytochrome c would not pass electrons from complex III to complex IV.
  2. Ubiquinone would not pass electrons from complex III to complex IV.
  3. NADH would not be converted to NAD+, and the electron transport chain would stop.
  4. No protons would be pumped across the membrane.
47.

Where do the electrons moving along the membrane in the figure come from, and where do the electrons end up?

The figure shows a portion of a cell membrane, which is labeled Structure X. Four protein complexes, labeled I, II, III, and IV, are embedded in the membrane. A structure labeled Structure Z rests on one surface of the membrane. On the other side of the membrane, protein complex I converts N A D H into N A D plus and a hydrogen ion, and releases an electron in the process. Complex II converts F A D H 2 into F A D, and releases an electron in the process. The two electrons are shuttled to a molecule labele
Figure 7.24
  1. The electrons are released by NADH and FADH2 and finally accepted by oxygen to form water.
  2. The electrons are given off by water and finally accepted by NAD+ and FAD+ to produce the energy currencies NADH and FADH2.
  3. The electrons are emitted by ubiquinone that are, in turn, transferred from complex I to complex II. Water finally accepts the electrons.
  4. The electrons are given out by NADH and FADH2 and are, in turn, finally accepted by H2O.
48.

Glucose catabolism pathways are sequential and lead to the production of energy. What is the correct order of the pathways for the breakdown of a molecule of glucose as shown in the formula

C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + energy?

  1. oxidative phosphorylation → citric acid cycle → oxidation of pyruvate → glycolysis
  2. the oxidation of pyruvate → citric acid cycle → glycolysis → oxidative phosphorylation
  3. glycolysis → oxidation of pyruvate → citric acid cycle → oxidative phosphorylation
  4. citric acid cycle → glycolysis → oxidative phosphorylation → oxidation of pyruvate
49.
Which of the following statements most directly supports the claim that different species of organisms use different metabolic strategies to meet their energy requirements for growth, reproduction, and homeostasis?
  1. During cold periods, pond-dwelling animals can increase the number of unsaturated fatty acids in their cell membranes while some plants make antifreeze proteins to prevent ice crystal formation in their tissues.
  2. Bacteria lack introns while many eukaryotic genes contain many of these intervening sequences.
  3. Carnivores have more teeth that are specialized for ripping food while herbivores have more teeth specialized for grinding food.
  4. Plants generally use starch molecules for storage while animals use glycogen and fats for storage.
50.
Which of the following best describes how the citric acid cycle relates to glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and chemiosmosis?
  1. Glycolysis produces pyruvate, which is converted to acetyl-CoA and enters the citric acid cycle. This cycle produces NADH and FADH 2 , which donate electrons to the electron transport chain to pump protons and produce ATP through chemiosmosis. Production of ATP using an electron transport chain and chemiosmosis is called oxidative phosphorylation.
  2. The citric acid produces pyruvate, which converts to glucose to enter glycolysis. This pathway produces NADH and FADH 2 , which enter oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP through chemiosmosis.
  3. Citric acid produces NADH and FADH 2 , which undergo oxidative phosphorylation. This produces ATP by pumping protons through chemiosmosis. The ATP produced is utilized in large amount in the process of glycolysis.
  4. Glycolysis produces pyruvate, which directly enters the citric acid cycle. This cycle produces the energy currency that undergoes the electron transport chain to produce water and ATP.