Critical Thinking Questions

23.
Define a closed circulatory system and compare the differences in heart structure for animals with closed circulatory systems.
  1. A closed circulatory system is a system in which the blood mixes with the interstitial fluid. Fish have a two-chambered heart. Amphibians and reptiles have a three-chambered heart. Mammals and birds have a four-chambered heart and double circulation.
  2. A closed circulatory system is a system in which blood is separate from the interstitial fluid. Fish have a two-chambered heart. Amphibians and reptiles have a three-chambered heart. Mammals and birds have a four-chambered heart and double circulation.
  3. A closed circulatory system is a system in which blood is separate from the interstitial fluid. Amphibians have a two-chambered heart. Fishes and reptiles have a three-chambered heart. Mammals and birds have a four-chambered heart and double circulation.
  4. A closed circulatory system is a system in which blood mixes with the interstitial fluid. Amphibians have a two-chambered heart. Fishes and reptiles have a three-chambered heart. Mammals and birds have a four-chambered heart and double circulation.
24.
A circulatory system is the main method for transporting gases and nutrients throughout the body. What happens in a closed circulatory system, and how does a closed circulatory system compare to an open circulatory system?
  1. Blood in a closed circulatory system is present inside blood vessels; it follows a unidirectional path from the heart and around the systemic circulatory route, and then returns to the heart. It is less controlled and structured than an open circulatory system, but it transfers nutrients and waste products more efficiently.
  2. Blood in a closed circulatory system is not enclosed in blood vessels; it is pumped into a hemocoel, which circulates around the organs, and then reenters the heart through ostia. It is more structured and controlled than an open circulatory system, and it transports nutrients and waste products more efficiently.
  3. Blood in a closed circulatory system is not enclosed in blood vessels; it is pumped into a hemocoel, which circulates around the organs, and then reenters the heart through ostia. It is less controlled and structured than an open circulatory system, but it transports nutrients and waste products more efficiently.
  4. Blood in a closed circulatory system is present inside blood vessels; it follows a unidirectional path from the heart around the systemic circulatory route, and then returns to the heart. It is more structured and controlled, and transports nutrients and waste products more efficiently than an open circulatory system.
25.
What is one advantage of a four-chambered heart over a three-chambered heart?
  1. In a four-chambered heart, oxygenated blood carried by the left side of the heart is more effectively separated from deoxygenated blood carried by the right side, which assists in more efficient movement of oxygen around the body.
  2. In a four-chambered heart, oxygenated blood carried by the right side of the heart is more effectively separated from deoxygenated blood carried by the left side, which assists in more efficient movement of oxygen around the body.
  3. In a four-chambered heart, oxygenated blood carried by the left side of the heart is less effectively separated from deoxygenated blood carried by the right side, which assists in more efficient movement of oxygen around the body.
  4. In a four-chambered heart, oxygenated blood carried by the right side of the heart is less effectively separated from deoxygenated blood carried by the left side, which assists in more efficient movement of oxygen around the body.
26.
What are red blood cells also known as?
  1. lymphocytes
  2. monocytes
  3. erythrocytes
  4. basophils
27.
How does the structure of mammalian red blood cells allow them to deliver oxygen to the cells of the body?
  1. Their size and shape allow them to carry and transfer oxygen.
  2. Their disc shape contains many small vesicles that allow them to carry and transfer oxygen.
  3. They have nuclei and do not contain hemoglobin.
  4. They contain coagulation factors and antibodies.
28.
Which of the following best describes plasma?
  1. It is a protein synthesized in the liver.
  2. It is a liquid that contains only lipids and antibodies.
  3. It is a blood component that is separated by spinning blood.
  4. It is an antibody produced in the mucosal lining.
29.
What is the heart’s internal pacemaker?
  1. It is an internal implant that sends an electrical impulse through the heart.
  2. It is the part of the heart that initiates an electrical impulse, called the sinoatrial node.
  3. It is the excitation of cardiac muscle cells at the atrioventricular and sinoatrial nodes.
  4. It is the contracting of muscles that starts in the aorta.
30.
Cardiomyocytes are similar to skeletal muscle because _______.
  1. they beat involuntarily
  2. they are attached to bones
  3. they pulse rhythmically
  4. they are striated
31.

This diagram shows the internal anatomy of the heart.

This illustration shows the parts of the heart. Blood enters the right atrium through an upper, superior vena cava and a lower, inferior vena cava. From the right atrium, blood flows through the funnel-shaped tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. Blood then travels up and through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery. Blood re-enters the heart through the pulmonary veins and travels down from the left atrium, through the mitral valve, into the right ventricle. Blood then travels up through the aortic valve, into the aorta.

How would blood circulation beyond the heart be most directly affected if the pulmonary valve could not open?

  1. Blood could not reach the rest of the body.
  2. Blood could not reach the lungs.
  3. Blood could not return from the lungs.
  4. Blood could not return from the rest of the body.
32.

The diagram shows the internal anatomy of the heart.

This illustration shows the parts of the heart. Blood enters the right atrium through an upper, superior vena cava and a lower, inferior vena cava. From the right atrium, blood flows through the funnel-shaped tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. Blood then travels up and through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery. Blood re-enters the heart through the pulmonary veins and travels down from the left atrium, through the mitral valve, into the right ventricle. Blood then travels up through the aortic valve, into the aorta.

How would blood circulation beyond the heart be affected if the tricuspid valve could not open?

  1. Blood could not enter the pulmonary veins; therefore, it could not reach the lungs.
  2. Blood could not enter the pulmonary artery; therefore, it could not reach the heart.
  3. Blood could not enter the pulmonary artery; therefore, it could not reach the lungs.
  4. Blood could not enter the pulmonary veins; therefore, it could not reach the heart.
33.
Why is it useful for blood to travel slowly through capillary beds?
  1. To allow antibodies to enter infected cells and to promote the diffusion of fluid into the interstitial space.
  2. To assist with gas and nutrient exchange and to prevent the diffusion of fluid into the interstitial space.
  3. To assist with gas and nutrient exchange and to promote the diffusion of fluid into the interstitial space.
  4. To allow antibodies to enter infected cells and to prevent the diffusion of fluid into the interstitial space.