1. monomers
2. polymers
3. carbohydrates only
4. water only

1. carbon
2. hydroxyl groups
3. phosphates
4. amino acids

1. condensation
2. covalent bond
3. dehydration
4. hydrolysis

1. condensation
2. dehydration synthesis
3. hydrolysis
4. dissolution

In the metabolism of the cell, why is hydrolysis used?

1. Hydrolysis is used to break down polymers.
2. Hydrolysis is used to form linkages in DNA.
3. Hydrolysis is used to produce proteins.
4. Hydrolysis is used to synthesize new macromolecules.

1. cellulose
2. glycogen
3. lactose
4. starch

1. carbohydrate
2. protein
3. RNA
4. triglyceride

1. cellulose
2. fructose
3. lactose
4. sucrose

1. disaccharides
2. lipids
3. monosaccharides
4. polysaccharides

1. a glycosidic bond between glucose and lactose
2. a glycosidic bond between glucose and galactose
3. a hydrogen bond between glucose and sucrose
4. a hydrogen bond between glucose and fructose

What is structurally different about cellulose when compared to starch?

1. An extra hydrogen atom is left on the monomer.
2. ß-1,4 glycosidic linkages are used
3. a-1,6 glycosidic linkages are used
4. An extra hydroxyl group is removed during synthesis.

1. disaccharides and cellulose
2. essential amino acids
3. mRNA and DNA
4. oils and waxes

1. a lipid
2. a phospholipid
3. a steroid
4. a wax

1. cholesterol
2. glycerol
3. phospholipid
4. triglycerides

1. estradiol and testosterone
2. insulin and growth hormone
3. progesterone and glucagon
4. prolactin and thyroid hormone

1. They are solid at room temperature.
2. They have single bonds within the carbon chain.
3. They contain mostly hydrogen and carbon atoms.
4. They tend to dissolve in water easily.

1. trans fat
2. saturated fat
3. unsaturated fat
4. wax

1. the double bond in hydrocarbon chains
2. the plasma membrane of animal cells
3. the ring structure of steroids
4. the waxy covering on leaves

1. phospholipid
2. phosphatidylcholine
3. phosphatidylserine
4. phosphatidate

What is the basic structure of a steroid?

1. four fused hydrocarbon rings
2. glycerol with three fatty acid chains
3. two fatty-acid chains and a phosphate group
4. two six-carbon rings

1. mRNA transport
2. production of bile salts
3. water reabsorption in the kidney
4. wax production

1. attached to the inner side of the membrane
2. attached to the outer side of the membrane
3. floating in the phospholipid tail layer
4. penetrating both lipid layers

1. a cartilage cell
2. a liver cell
3. a red blood cell
4. a spleen cell

1. energy storage
2. gene storage and access
3. membrane fluidity
4. structure

1. an enzyme
2. a hormone
3. a membrane transport protein
4. a tRNA molecule

A protein is embedded in the outer surface of a phospholipid bilayer. Where would you expect to find polar versus nonpolar amino acid side chains within this protein, relative to the head and tail regions of the phospholipids?

1. amino acids
2. chaperones
3. disaccharides
4. nucleotides

Where is the linkage made that combines two amino acids?

1. between the R group of one amino acid and the R group of the second
2. between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of the other
3. between the six carbon of both amino acids
4. between the nitrogen atoms of the amino groups in the amino acids

The α-helix and the β-pleated sheet are part of which protein structure?

1. the primary structure
2. the secondary structure
3. the tertiary structure
4. the quaternary structure

Which structural level of proteins is most often associated with their biological function?

1. the primary structure
2. the secondary structure
3. the tertiary structure
4. the quaternary structure

1. changes in pH
2. high temperatures
3. the addition of some chemicals
4. all of the above

1. a chemical that assists the protein in its enzymatic functions
2. a second protein that completes the quaternary structure
3. a chemical that helps the protein fold properly
4. a chemical that functions as a cofactor for the protein

1. nitrogenous bases
2. nucleotides
3. peptides
4. sugars

1. ribose, uracil, and a phosphate group
2. deoxyribose, uracil, and a phosphate group
3. deoxyribose, thymine, and a phosphate group
4. ribose, thymine, and a phosphate group

1. a step ladder
2. a double helix
3. a tertiary protein-like structure
4. barber pole

1. deoxyribose and adenine
2. fructose and thymine
3. glucose and quinine
4. ribose and uracil

1. mRNA
2. miRNA
3. rRNA
4. tRNA

1. attached to the inner layer of the cell membrane
2. in the nucleus
3. in the cytoplasm
4. on ribosomes